![]() In addition, tidal tails appear to exhibit a higher surface brightness than streams (by about 1 mag), which may be related to different survival times for the two types of collisional debris. The results confirm the fact that tidal structures defined as streams are thinner than tails, as expected by numerical simulations. From our database containing 8441 annotations, the area, size, median surface brightness, and distance to the host of 228 structures were computed. Each LSB structure was delineated and labeled according to its likely nature: stellar shells, streams associated with a disrupted satellite, tails that formed in major mergers, ghost reflections, or cirrus. We annotated LSB structures around 352 nearby massive galaxies with deep images obtained with the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope as part of two large programs: Mass Assembly of early-Type GaLAxies with their fine Structures and Ultraviolet Near Infrared Optical Northern Survey/Canada-France Imaging Survey. All parameters are automatically stored in a database which may be queried to retrieve quantitative measurements. We developed an online annotation tool that enables contributors to delineate the shapes of diffuse extended stellar structures with precision, as well as artifacts or foreground structures. Our goal is to characterize in detail, and in particular obtain quantitative measurements, of LSB structures identified in deep images of samples consisting of hundreds of galaxies. Detailed analyses including photometry have been carried out for a small number of objects, essentially because of the lack of convenient tools able to precisely characterize tidal structures around large samples of galaxies.Īims. So far most efforts have focused on the numerical census of samples of varying sizes, either through visual inspection or more recently with deep learning. ![]() The identification and characterization of low surface brightness (LSB) stellar structures around galaxies such as tidal debris of ongoing or past collisions is essential to constrain models of galactic evolution. National Research Council, Canadian Astronomy Data Centre,Ĭontext. LERMA, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS, PSL Univ., Sorbonne Univ.,ĪIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris, Université de Toulon, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LIS, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg (ObAS),Į-mail: of Computer Science, Swansea University, ![]() Astronomical objects: linking to databasesĮlisabeth Sola 1, Pierre-Alain Duc 1, Felix Richards 2, Adeline Paiement 3, Mathias Urbano 1, Julie Klehammer 1, Michal Bílek 4 ,5 ,6, Jean-Charles Cuillandre 7, Stephen Gwyn 8 and Alan McConnachie 9.Including author names using non-Roman alphabets.Suggested resources for more tips on language editing in the sciences Punctuation and style concerns regarding equations, figures, tables, and footnotes
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